Intransitive Verbs
Intransitive verbs take only a subject as a core argument. If the subject is volitional (a default assumption), then the verb is marked with an A series subject proclitic. If the subject is non-volitional, the verb is marked with an O series subject proclitic. Verbs inflect for tense and evidentiality.
to fail to step, to trip, to stumble. This verb takes a non-volitional subject.
Derivation: derived from banna 'step' and the frustrative -je.
to sense, to feel, to seem. This verb takes a non-volitional subject, and what is sensed or felt is marked with =du.
Derivation: derived from cagi 'belly' and the obsolete particle me 'in'.
to go, to leave, to move. This verb is irregular in the non-past first person and third person forms.
| Inflection | Expected Form | Actual Form |
|---|---|---|
| NP.1>0 | da+ye | je |
| NP.1>2 | da+yin | jin |
| NP.1>3 | da+yes | jes |
| NP.3>0 | da+da | da |
| NP.3>2 | da+dan | dan |
| NP.3>3 | da+das | das |
wander, travel. Derived from the reduplication of da 'go'.
dwell, remain. Derivation: derived from da ‘go’ and the obsolete particle me ‘in’.
to fall. This verb takes a non-volitional subject.
Derivation: derived from da 'go' and the obsolete particle ta 'down'.
to not know or recognize. This verb takes a non-volitional subject. What is not known, if expressed, is marked with =du.
Derivation: derived from dome 'know' and the negative -we.
to know, to recognize, to have a thought, to infer. This verb prefers a non-volitional subject, but will take a volitional subject when the sense is to infer. What is known or inferred is marked with =du.
Derivation: derived from doŋi 'eye' and the obsolete particle me 'in'.
to see, to sense with the eye. This verb takes a non-volitional subject. What is seen is marked with =du.
to do something (unspecified).
to do nothing. Derived from ka 'do' and negative -we.
to be hidden. Derived from lamañe 'hide' and the passive -me.
to come, to go along a path towards something, to arrive. This verb is irregular in the non-past, first person forms.
| Inflection | Expected Form | Actual Form |
|---|---|---|
| NP.1>0 | no+ye | ñe |
| NP.1>2 | no+yin | ñin |
| NP.1>3 | no+yes | ñes |
to be made. Derived from noye 'make' and the passive -me.
to die. This verb takes a non-volitional subject.
Derivation: derived from the adjective noŋi 'dead' and no 'come'.
to recover from sickness. This verb takes a non-volitional subject.
Derivation: derived from the noun podo 'sickness' and the frustrative -je.
to be sick. This verb takes a non-volitional subject.
Derivation: derived from the noun podo 'sickness' and no 'come'.
flow, flow like water, blow with the wind. Derived from tana 'flowing' and the verb da 'go'.
know what is going on, understand what is happening. Derived from the adverb zini and the causative -ñe.
not know what is going on, wonder about what is happening. Derived from ziniñe 'know' and the frustrative -je.