Key
Subject Phrases (A, S, CS) are double underlined. Object Phrases (O, CC) are single underlined. Peripheral Phrases are dashed. Verb Phrases are unmarked. Clauses are set off by vertical lines.
Peyada, Cisena Taboni Yisena (Coyote and Cottontail’s Children)
Interlinear
Dunnotodabena Peyada cisena Taboni yisenabena.
- dunno
- see
- -to
- -DP+REP
- =da
- =this.3A
- =bena
- =that+PL.3O
- Peya
- Coyote
- =da
- =this.3A
- cisena
- children
- Taboni
- Cottontail
- yisena
- child+PL
- =bena
- =that+PL.3O
Coyote saw the children of Cottontail.
Tagging: both A and O are tagged. Both A and O are class 1 rational animate nouns. Class 1 nouns cannot be possessed, but they can participate in an associative construction. The associative construction pairs a noun with a rational animate associate as N1 N-associate. Any classifier in the construction would reference the first noun. Here we have N1 as cisena followed by the associate Taboni, a proper name, followed by the classifier yisena for children, all tagged as O.
Jede kadde sedetosana yisenasana.
- jede
- game
- kadde
- act
- sede
- PROG
- -to
- -DP+REP
- =sana
- =that+PL.3A
- yisena
- child+PL
- =sana
- =that+PL.3A
The children were playing.
Jede is a class 4 noun acting as the means via which the subject kaddes or 'acts'. It is thus part of the verb phrase.
Nome sedetosananu yenne doŋiŋi, kuppe sedetosananu lada todudu, kuno dape sedetosananu doŋibuduŋi gosone.
- nome
- come.out
- sede
- PROG
- -to
- -DP+REP
- =sana
- =that+PL.3A
- =nu
- =N4
- yenne
- pair
- doŋi
- eye
- =ŋi
- =REFL
- kuppe
- throw
- sede
- PROG
- -to
- -DP+REP
- =sana
- =that+PL.3A
- =nu
- =N4
- lada
- sky
- todudu
- surface+to
- kuno
- have
- dape
- ITER
- sede
- PROG
- -to
- -DP+REP
- =sana
- =that+PL.3A
- =nu
- =N4
- doŋibudu
- eye-socket
- =ŋi
- =REFL
- gosone
- hollow+via
They were pulling out their own eyes, they were throwing them to the sky, they were getting them back to their eye-sockets.
Three clauses, one after the other. Bodyparts are a subclass of class 4 nouns that are inalienably possessed. That is indicated by the pronominal clitic attached to them.
Jede kadde tellotoda Peyada.
- jede
- game
- kadde
- act
- tello
- MUST
- -to
- -DP+REP
- =da
- =this.3A
- Peya
- Coyote
- =da
- =this.3A
Coyote must play.
Doŋida xeye lohogonu teneto.
- doŋi
- eye
- =da
- =this.3A
- xeye
- dark
- loho
- sun
- =go
- =like
- =nu
- =N4
- tene
- sit
- -to
- -DP+REP
- =∅
- =3
His eyes were dark and shiny.
Nometodanu doŋiŋi, lada todudu kuppetodanu.
- nome
- come.out
- -to
- -DP+REP
- =da
- =this.3A
- =nu
- =N4
- doŋi
- eye
- =ŋi
- =REFL
- lada
- sky
- todudu
- surface+to
- kuppe
- throw
- -to
- -DP+REP
- =da
- =this.3A
- =nu
- =N4
He removed his eyes and threw them up to the sky.
The O clitic nu references class 4 nouns, including inalienably possessed ones like doŋi=ŋi.
Senete mede takosu settato.
- senete
- tree
- mede
- tree
- takosu
- horizontal+at
- setta
- stop
- -to
- -DP+REP
- =∅
- =3
They stopped on a senete tree.
Shape classifier used with living thing (the tree) because referencing part of the tree.
Mede kugi kennitodama, data deye seppetodanu.
- mede
- tree
- kugi
- touch
- kenni
- hit
- -to
- -DP+REP
- =da
- =this.3A
- =ma
- =N2
- data
- fall
- deye
- LET
- seppe
- FAIL
- -to
- -DP+REP
- =da
- =this.3A
- =nu
- =N4
He shook the tree; he failed to make them fall.
Dini noyetosana cisena Taboni yisenasana, dini noyetosanamo.
- dini
- laugh
- noye
- emerge
- -to
- -DP+REP
- =sana
- =that+PL.3A
- cisena
- children
- Taboni
- Cottontail
- yisena
- child+PL
- =sana
- =that+PL.3A
- dini
- laugh
- noye
- emerge
- -to
- -DP+REP
- =sana
- =that+PL.3A
- =mo
- =this.3O
Cottontail's children laughed, they laughed at him.
Ambitransitive noye also incorporates manner nouns, here dini 'laugh'.
Casada Peya goso kujeto.
- casa
- belly
- =da
- =this.3A
- Peya
- Coyote
- goso
- hollow
- kuje
- twist
- -to
- -DP+REP
- =∅
- =3
Coyote's stomach twisted.
Da-kutta-dapetodabena.
- da
- go
- kutta
- FORCE
- dape
- ITER
- -to
- -DP+REP
- =da
- =this.3A
- =bena
- =that+PL.3O
He chased after them.
Kuno seppetodabena, deyetoda.
- kuno
- have
- seppe
- FAIL
- -to
- -DP+REP
- =da
- =this.3A
- =bena
- =that+PL.3O
- deye
- leave
- -to
- -DP+REP
- =da
- =this.3A
He failed to catch them; he left.
Mete metepe noye nome tellotodanu doŋiŋi telili.
- mete
- resin
- metepe
- resin+from
- noye
- emerge
- nome
- LET
- tell
- MUST
- -to
- -DP+REP
- =da
- =this.3A
- =nu
- =N4
- doŋi
- eye
- =ŋi
- =REFL
- telili
- new
He had to make new eyes from resin.
Totetote tene metegonu Peya doŋida wosape.
- totetote
- therefore
- tene
- sit
- -∅
- -NP
- =∅
- =3
- mete
- resin
- =go
- =like
- =nu
- =N4
- Peya
- Coyote
- doŋi
- eye
- =da
- =this.3A
- wosape
- from.then
Ever since, Coyote's eyes were like resin (dull yellow).
No color term for yellow.