Pronominal Clitics
Pronominal Clitics exist for first person, first + second person (dual and inclusive plural), and second person. For third person, noun class clitics are used. Alternatively, deictic tags are used for rational animate arguments. The chart below shows all the pronominal clitics and deictic tags that might be used.
| A clitics | O clitics | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| first person | le | mi | ce | cena |
| first + second | ñe | te | ño | ñona |
| second person | di | ja | ŋa | ŋana |
| deictic here | da | dana | mo | mona |
| deictic there | sa | sana | be | bena |
| deictic yon | ke | kena | yo | yona |
| class I | ŋe | ∅ | ||
| class II | ∅ | ma | ||
| class III | ∅ | go | ||
| class IV | ∅ | nu | ||
| reflexive, all persons | - | ŋi | ||
The A set of clitics are used for subjects of verbs and for marking possession. The O set are used for the objects of verbs, non-volitional intransitive subjects, and within peripheral phrases. The class I pronominal clitic is also used within peripheral phrases, usually with indefinite meaning. Additionally, the first, first+second, second, and reflexive can be suffixed with the nominalizer -wa to make full pronouns.
pronominal clitic for first person singular object
pronominal clitic for first person exclusive plural object
pronominal clitic for second person singular subject
pronominal clitic for noun class 3 (food and edibles)
pronominal clitic for second person plural subject
pronominal clitic for first person singular subject
pronominal clitic for noun class 2 (non-rational animates)
pronominal clitic for first person exclusive plural subject
pronominal clitic for first plus second person dual subject
pronominal clitic for first plus second person dual object
pronominal clitic for first person inclusive plural object
pronominal clitic for noun class 4 (inanimates)
pronominal clitic for first person inclusive plural subject
pronominal clitic for second person singular object
pronominal clitic for second person plural object
pronominal clitic for noun class 1 (rational animates)
pronominal clitic for reflexive object, any person or number
pronominal clitic for third person, subject or object